Struggling to choose an LCD display? Our guide explains SPI, I2C, RGB, LVD, 및 MIPI 인터페이스, 해결, PPI, and more to help you select the perfect display for your embedded project.
Introduction
Selecting the right LCD display can be one of the most critical—and confusing—steps in an electronics project. Whether you’re building a smart home device, a portable gadget, or an industrial control panel, the display is your project’s face to the world.
With a maze of acronyms like SPI, RGB, LVD, 미피, and parameters like resolution and PPI, how do you make the right choice? This guide will demystify the process. We’ll break down the key factors, starting with the most fundamental: 그만큼 인터페이스.
Part 1: The Digital Highway – Choosing the Right Display Interface
The interface is the communication channel between your microcontroller (MCU) or processor (MPU) and the display. It dictates the speed, complexity, and ultimately, the feasibility of your design.
에이. Low-Speed Interfaces: For Simple, Small Displays
1. SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)
How it Works: A simple, synchronous serial protocol using a clock, data out, data in, and a chip select line.
Pros: Very few pins required, 간단한 배선, easy to code, universally supported by almost all MCUs.
Cons: Extremely limited bandwidth; the slowest option for graphical displays.
Ideal For: Small TFT displays (typically under 2 신장) with low resolutions (예를 들어, 128×64, 240×240). Perfect for showing static text, simple icons, or slow animations in wearables and small instruments.
The Bottom Line: The king of simplicity and pin-efficiency for basic graphics.
2. I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)
How it Works: A two-wire serial protocol (SDA and SCL) that supports multiple devices on the same bus.
Pros: Even fewer pins than SPI, excellent for daisy-chaining devices, simple protocol.
Cons: Slower than SPI, with the lowest overall bandwidth. Not suitable for color TFTs.
Ideal For: Driving character LCDs or monochrome OLEDs to display lines of text. Rarely used for color TFT displays.
The Bottom Line: Perfect for command and control, not for pushing pixels.
B. High-Speed Interfaces: For Video, Animation, and Large Displays
1. Parallel RGB Interface
How it Works: Uses multiple parallel data lines (예를 들어, 16 또는 24 bits) to transmit all color components of a single pixel in one clock cycle.
Pros: High speed, relatively simple timing, easy to debug, no licensing fees.
Cons: Very high pin count (often 20+ pins), complex PCB routing, susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI).
Ideal For: Medium-resolution embedded projects (예를 들어, 800×480 and below) where the MCU has a built-in LCD controller.
The Bottom Line: A classic, brute-force solution for medium-performance displays.
2. LVD (저전압 차동 신호 전달)
How it Works: Transmits data using differential pairs, which are highly resistant to noise and EMI.
Pros: Very high speed, excellent noise immunity, lower pin count than RGB, can support longer cables.
Cons: Requires native support from the MPU or an additional RGB-to-LVDS converter chip. More complex hardware design.
Ideal For: Medium to large-sized, high-resolution displays (예를 들어, 1024×768 and above). Common in industrial HMI, 자동차 대시보드, 의료기기. It’s the traditional standard for laptop screens.
The Bottom Line: The industrial workhorse for robust, high-resolution applications.
3. MIPI DSI (모바일 산업 프로세서 인터페이스 – Display Serial Interface)
How it Works: A high-speed serial interface using differential lanes that transmits data in packets (like Ethernet or PCIe).
Pros: Extremely high speed, very low pin count (1-2 data lanes + clock), low power consumption, excellent noise immunity.
Cons: Complex protocol, requires native MPU support, debugging requires specialized tools, potential licensing issues.
Ideal For: The dominant standard in smartphones and tablets. Now widely used in high-performance Single-Board Computers (SBCs) like Raspberry Pi and small, high-resolution displays.
The Bottom Line: The modern high-performance champion for power-efficient, dense displays.
Interface Comparison Table:
| 인터페이스 | Speed | Pin Count | Complexity | Typical Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SPI | Low | Very Low | Low | 웨어러블, Small Devices |
| I2C | Very Low | Very Low | Low | Character LCDs, Sensors |
| Parallel RGB | Medium-High | Very High | Medium | Embedded GUI Projects |
| LVD | High | Low | High | 자동차, 산업, Laptops |
| MIPI DSI | Very High | Low | Very High | Smartphones, Tablets, High-end SBCs |
Part 2: Resolution vs. 크기 – The Key to Image Clarity
It’s not just about the number of pixels; it’s about how densely they are packed.
해결: The total number of pixels on a screen, expressed as width x height (예를 들어, 1920×1080). This defines the amount of detail an image can hold.
크기: The diagonal length of the screen, measured in inches.
The Critical Link: PPI (Pixels Per Inch)
PPI connects resolution and physical size. It’s calculated as:PPI = √(Horizontal Pixels² + Vertical Pixels²) / Diagonal Screen Size (inches)
A higher PPI means a denser concentration of pixels, resulting in a sharper, more detailed image where you cannot distinguish individual pixels.
Real-World Example:
A 5-inch 1920×1080 screen has a PPI of ~440.
A 10-inch 1920×1080 screen has a PPI of ~220.
Both show the same content, but the 5-inch screen will look incredibly sharp, while the 10-inch screen will appear noticeably pixelated (“pixel-dense” vs. “blocky”).
Choosing the Right Combination:
Close-up viewing (스마트워치, 핸드 헬드 장치): Aim for a high PPI (>300).
Arm’s length viewing (제어 패널, 스마트 홈 허브): 200-300 PPI is a good sweet spot.
Distant viewing (car infotainment, kiosks): You can opt for a lower PPI.
Part 3: Other Crucial Parameters to Consider
색상 심도: The number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel.
RGB565 (16-bit): Good enough for many basic UIs. May show color banding in gradients.
RGB888 (24-bit “True Color”): Displays 16.7 백만 가지 색상. Essential for photorealistic images and smooth color transitions. This is the modern standard.
드라이버 IC (Integrated Circuit): Every display module has a driver chip (예를 들어, ILI9341, ST7789). Ensure your platform has readily available libraries (like Arduino’s TFT_eSPI, or LVGL’s built-in drivers) to avoid writing complex initialization code from scratch.
Your Practical Selection Checklist
Define Your Need: What will it display? Static text, a complex GUI, or video? What’s the physical size and viewing distance?
Check Your Main Controller: What interfaces does your MCU/MPU support natively? Does it have enough memory and processing power to handle your target resolution?
Filter by Interface:
Tiny screen, basic graphics? -> SPI
Medium screen, interactive GUI? -> Parallel RGB
High-res, large, or power-sensitive screen? -> MIPI DSI 또는 LVD
Match Resolution & 크기: Use the PPI calculation to ensure your chosen screen is sharp enough for its purpose.
Verify the Details: Check the voltage (3.3V vs. 5다섯), backlight type, 커넥터 유형 (FPC), and whether you need a touchscreen (저항성/용량성).
By following this structured approach, you can cut through the noise and confidently select the perfect LCD display that brings your project to life without becoming a development bottleneck.
What display challenges have you faced in your projects? Share your experiences in the comments below!
